In the first part of this series, we discussed the time of the birth, life, death, resurrection and ascension of Jesus Christ, and the birth of the New Testament Church in 31 AD. In the early days of the Church, it flourished tremendously, but very soon, persecution set in.
After Christ’s death, Pilate remained governor for another six years. He did not hinder the Church in Jerusalem. The Church grew to 25,000 members—a tenth of the total population of Jerusalem. Persecution of the Church initially came exclusively from the Jews.
Acts 4:18-21 reports of the persecution of the apostles through the religious leaders of Jerusalem:
“And they called them and commanded them not to speak at all nor teach in the name of Jesus. But Peter and John answered and said to them, ‘Whether it is right in the sight of God to listen to you more than to God, you judge. For we cannot but speak the things which we have seen and heard.’ So when they had further threatened them, they let them go…”
But it would not stay only with threats. Acts 5:14-18 reads:
“And believers were increasingly added to the Lord, multitudes of both men and women, so that they brought the sick out into the streets and laid them on beds and couches, that at least the shadow of Peter passing by might fall on some of them. Also a multitude gathered from the surrounding cities to Jerusalem, bringing sick people and those who were tormented by unclean spirits, and they were all healed. Then the high priest rose up, and all those who were with him (which is the sect of the Sadducees), and they were filled with indignation, and laid their hands on the apostles and put them in the common prison…”
An angel of the Lord freed them from prison, and they continued to preach the gospel of Jesus Christ. They were arrested again and brought before the High Priest. Compare verses 27-29, 33, 40-42:
“And when they had brought them, they set them before the council. And the high priest asked them, saying, ‘Did we not strictly command you not to teach in this name? And look, you have filled Jerusalem with your doctrine, and intend to bring this Man’s blood on us!’ But Peter and the other apostles answered and said: ‘We ought to obey God rather than men’… When they heard this, they were furious and plotted to kill them… when they had called for the apostles and beaten them, they commanded that they should not speak in the name of Jesus, and let them go. So they departed from the presence of the council, rejoicing that they were counted worthy to suffer shame for His name.”
Under Roman law, the religious rulers were permitted to act in this way regarding the apostles, as they administered the law. However, they needed the approval of the Roman governor to carry out the death penalty. But in their wrath, the High Priest and the council members did not obey the Roman law in this respect, when they killed Stephen, the first Christian martyr. Note Acts 7:54-60:
“When they heard these things [which Stephen told them], they were cut to the heart, and they gnashed at him with their teeth. But he, being full of the Holy Spirit, gazed into heaven and saw the glory of God, and Jesus standing at the right hand of God, and said, ‘Look! I see the heavens opened and the Son of Man standing at the right hand of God!’ Then they cried out with a loud voice, stopped their ears, and ran at him with one accord; and they cast him out of the city and stoned him. And the witnesses laid down their clothes at the feet of a young man named Saul. And they stoned Stephen as he was calling on God and saying, ‘Lord Jesus, receive my spirit.’ Then he knelt down and cried out with a loud voice, ‘Lord, do not charge them with this sin.’ And when he had said this, he fell asleep.”
This was illegal, just as the “arrest” and “trial” of Christ had been illegal.
Saul, who would become the apostle Paul, was a Roman citizen. He was born in a Roman city and was the only Roman apostle. Christ chose him to preach the gospel to the Roman world, and he (not Peter) would found the Church in Rome. He grew up in Tarsus, amidst the Greek culture. He studied under Gamaliel (Acts 22:3).
About Saul, we read in Acts 8:1:
“Now Saul was consenting to his [Stephen’s] death. At that time a great persecution arose against the church which was at Jerusalem; and they were all scattered throughout the regions of Judea and Samaria, except the apostles.”
This persecution came from the Jews. The Romans did not see the Church as a threat. On the contrary, Tertullian (around 200 AD) referred to a report from Pilate to Emperor Tiberius about the Christians. According to this report, Tiberius tried to obtain the Senate’s approval to declare Jesus divine and make Him a Roman god, but the Senate refused to do this.
In 36 AD, a new governor arrived in Jerusalem, who also appointed a new High Priest.
Around 37 AD, Caligula became the new emperor. He wanted to be worshipped as a god and had statues built of himself. This led to a Jewish rebellion, but before it escalated, Caligula died in 41 AD.
Around 38 AD, the situation of the Church is described in Acts 9:31, as follows:
“Then the churches throughout all Judea, Galilee, and Samaria had peace and were edified. And walking in the fear of the Lord and in the comfort of the Holy Spirit, they were multiplied.”
Under the former High Priest Caiaphas, the Church had not grown significantly in membership; this now changed under the new High Priest.
Acts 11:26 gives us an interesting detail:
“… And the disciples were first called Christians in Antioch.”
Now the Roman world gave the people of this movement the name Christians. The Jews called them only Nazarenes—derisively: “Can anything good come out of Nazareth?”
In 41 AD, Claudius became the new emperor. He reinstated Herod Agrippa I, whom Caligula had deposed, as king of the Jews. Herod Agrippa I was the grandson of Herod the Great and the father of Agrippa II.
In 43 AD, the following development occurred, as described in Acts 12:1-3:
“Now about that time Herod the king stretched out his hand to harass some from the church. Then he killed James the brother of John with the sword. And because he saw that it pleased the Jews, he proceeded further to seize Peter also. Now it was during the Days of Unleavened Bread.”
Peter’s arrest occurred under Herod Agrippa I during the “Days of Unleavened Bread.” This reference shows that God’s annual Holy Days were still observed, long after Christ’s death.
An angel of the Lord freed Peter from prison, and Herod became very angry that he could not find him.
Acts 12:21-23 informs us of subsequent events:
“So on a set day Herod [Agrippa I], arrayed in royal apparel, sat on his throne and gave an oration to them. And the people kept shouting, ‘The voice of a god and not of a man!’ Then immediately an angel of the Lord struck him, because he did not give glory to God. And he was eaten by worms and died.”
Depending on the circumstances, God may act very swiftly and decisively against proud rulers who defy Him.
The death of Herod Agrippa I occurred in 44 AD. After his death, there was no further persecution of Christians for 15 years.
In Acts 18:1-2, another event should be noted. We read:
“After these things Paul departed from Athens and went to Corinth. And he found a certain Jew named Aquila, born in Pontus, who had recently come from Italy with his wife Priscilla (because Claudius had commanded all the Jews to depart from Rome); and he came to them.”
A Jewish revolt had taken place, and the Jews had been ordered to leave Rome. This also applied to Aquila and Priscilla, not because they were Christians, but because they were Jews.
In 50 AD, Paul wrote and sent the First Letter to the Thessalonians from Corinth. Paul’s Second Letter to the Thessalonians followed in 51 AD.
In 53 AD, Paul wrote the Epistle to the Galatians in Antioch. Antioch became a second headquarters from which Paul initially operated. Later, Ephesus became the second headquarters, where John and (allegedly) Philip died.
Peter met with Paul between 50 and 56 AD (compare Paul’s meeting with Peter in Jerusalem and his subsequent meeting with Peter in Antioch and the ensuing controversy between them, as described in Galatians 2).
Around 54 AD, Nero, 16 years old, became Roman emperor. When Paul was in Rome in 62 AD, Nero was just 22 years old.
Around 55 AD, Paul was persecuted in Ephesus, but protected by the city clerk (Acts 19). The city clerk was an official within the local Roman leadership, being subordinate to the proconsul.
In 57 AD, Paul was again persecuted by the Jews. Acts 21:27-29 reports:
“Now when the seven days were almost ended, the Jews from Asia, seeing him in the temple, stirred up the whole crowd and laid hands on him, crying out, ‘Men of Israel, help! This is the man who teaches all men everywhere against the people, the law, and this place; and furthermore he also brought Greeks into the temple and has defiled this holy place.’ (For they had previously seen Trophimus the Ephesian with him in the city, whom they supposed that Paul had brought into the temple.) And all the city was disturbed; and the people ran together, seized Paul, and dragged him out of the temple; and immediately the doors were shut. Now as they were seeking to kill him, news came to the commander of the garrison that all Jerusalem was in an uproar. He immediately took soldiers and centurions, and ran down to them. And when they saw the commander and the soldiers, they stopped beating Paul….”
The Jews arrested Paul in Jerusalem because he allegedly brought a Gentile into the Temple. A sign outside the Temple stated that Gentiles were forbidden entry to the Temple on pain of death. However, the governor Claudius Lysias (Acts 23:26) came to his aid. Still, Paul was arrested and subsequently brought, as prisoner, to the governor Felix.
In his defense before Felix and the High Priest Ananias, Paul managed to transform the accusations before Governor Felix into a religious dispute.
Acts 24:17-22 quotes Paul as follows:
“‘Now after many years I came to bring alms and offerings to my nation, in the midst of which some Jews from Asia found me purified in the temple, neither with a mob nor with tumult. They ought to have been here before you to object if they had anything against me. Or else let those who are here themselves say if they found any wrongdoing in me while I stood before the council, unless it is for this one statement which I cried out, standing among them, “Concerning the resurrection of the dead I am being judged by you this day.”’ But when Felix heard these things, having more accurate knowledge of the Way, he adjourned the proceedings and said, ‘When Lysias the commander comes down, I will make a decision on your case.’’
Paul stayed in prison for two years (Acts 24:27) and additional “some days”, as Acts 25:13-14 reports:
“And after some days King Agrippa and Bernice came to Caesarea to greet Festus (who had succeeded Felix). When they had been there many days, Festus laid Paul’s case before the king…”
This was Agrippa II, the son of the deceased Agrippa I. Paul gave his defense before him and governor Festus, and the results are stated in Acts 26:24-28:
“Now as he thus made his defense, Festus said with a loud voice, ‘Paul, you are beside yourself! Much learning is driving you mad!’ But he said, ‘I am not mad, most noble Festus, but speak the words of truth and reason. For the king, before whom I also speak freely, knows these things; for I am convinced that none of these things escapes his attention, since this thing was not done in a corner. King Agrippa, do you believe the prophets? I know that you do believe.’ Then Agrippa said to Paul, ‘You almost persuade me to become a Christian.’… When he had said these things, the king stood up, as well as the governor and Bernice and those who sat with them; and when they had gone aside, they talked among themselves, saying, ‘This man is doing nothing deserving of death or chains.’ Then Agrippa said to Festus, ‘This man might have been set free if he had not appealed to Caesar.’”
Agrippa used the name the Romans used for Christians. They were therefore known as Christians at that time. (Peter later also spoke of Christians, compare 1 Peter 4:16).
And so, Paul was being transferred as a prisoner to Rome. He arrived there after a long and difficult journey and was imprisoned from 60 AD to 62 AD (compare Acts 28:30-31). There, around 60 AD, he wrote the Letters to the Colossians, the Ephesians, the Philippians (perhaps around 62 AD?), and to Philemon. After two years of imprisonment, he was set free again.
(To be continued)
Lead Writer: Norbert Link