We read in Hebrews 12:1, “Therefore we also, since we are surrounded by so great a cloud of witnesses, let us lay aside every weight, and the sin which so easily ensnares us, and let us run with endurance the race that is set before us.” The New International Version states it this way:
“Therefore, since we are surrounded by such a great cloud of witnesses, let us throw off everything that hinders and the sin that so easily entangles, and let us run with perseverance the race marked out for us.”
Even though the author of the Book of Hebrews is not clear, this book has been traditionally attributed to the Apostle Paul. Nevertheless, the writings were Godly-inspired and are still in force and effect today, as Jesus is described in the next verse as the “author or originator” and the “finisher or perfecter” of our faith, and all who profess faith in Him are urged to do two things:
First, we are to remove or put off any burden that keeps us from attaining the likeness of Christ, especially sin, because sin ensnares us and we become slaves to sin when we commit unrighteousness. Second, we are to persevere with patience, enduring all things until we grow and mature in the faith. James reminds us in James 1:2-3 that the trials we suffer test our faith and thereby strengthen us through patience which leads us to maturity. Hebrews 12:1 is reminding us to persevere through those trials, knowing that, by God’s faithfulness in us as we have faith in Him, we won’t be overwhelmed by them but we should be able to overcome them (1 Corinthians 10:13).
So who is the “cloud of witnesses,” and how is it that it “surrounds” us?
Gotquestions.org answers this question in the following way: “To understand this, we need to look at the previous chapter, as evidenced by the word therefore beginning chapter 12. Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, and the rest of the Old Testament believers looked forward with faith to the coming of the Messiah. The author of Hebrews illustrates this eloquently in chapter 11 and then ends the chapter by telling us that the forefathers had faith to guide and direct them, but God had something better planned. Then he begins chapter 12 with a reference to these faithful men and women who paved the way for us. What the Old Testament believers looked forward to in faith—the Messiah—we look back to, having seen the fulfillment of all the prophecies concerning His first coming.
“We are surrounded by the saints of the past in a unique way. It’s not that the faithful who have gone before us are spectators to the race we run. Rather, it is a figurative representation and means that we ought to act as if they were in sight and cheering us on to the same victory in the life of faith that they obtained. We are to be inspired by the godly examples these saints set during their lives. These are those whose past lives of faith encourage others to live that way, too…”
They conclude by saying this:
“That the cloud is referred to as ‘great’ indicates that millions of believers have gone before us, each bearing witness to the life of faith we now live.”
Other commentaries state something similar in this regard. Barnes Notes on the Bible says: “The phrase, ‘a cloud of witnesses,’ means many witnesses, or a number so great that they seem to be a cloud.”
Gill’s Exposition of the Bible seems to agree to an extent, stating this:
“… and more especially for their number, being like a thick cloud, and so many, that they compass about on every side, and are instructive every way.”
However, it is doubtful that the term “so great a cloud of witnesses” wants to convey the existence of millions of Old Testament saints. The Greek word for “cloud” is nephos. It is only used in Hebrews 12:1. It seems to describe a “cloud,” or “clouds,” or a “nebula.” The Greek word for “so great” is “tosoutos” and describes a quantity. It is used in Matthew 15:33 for “so great a multitude,” consisting of four thousand men, besides women and children (verse 38). Even though it refers to several thousands of people, it clearly does not describe millions.
Jude 14-15 states that Jesus Christ comes “with ten thousands of His saints to execute judgment…” It is doubtful that Jude is referring here to converted Christians. It is more likely that the reference is to Christ who is returning with His angels (compare Benson Commentary: “Or holy ones, namely, angels, with legions of whom his descent for the purpose here mentioned will be attended.”)
Barnes Notes on the Bible adds: “The word ‘saints’ we now apply commonly… to Christians. The original word is, however, applicable to all who are ‘holy,’ angels as well as men. The common representation in the Scriptures is, that he would come attended by the angels…”
We read in Deuteronomy 33:2 that Moses used similar terminology as Jude, stating, “The LORD came from Sinai, And dawned on them from Seir; He shone forth from Mount Paran, And He came with ten thousands of saints; From His right hand Came a fiery law for them.” A better translation of “saints’ is “holy ones,” referring to angels (compare Ryrie Study Bible). Apparently, the reference is to Christ’s coming to the Israelites to proclaim the Ten Commandments. A similar reference is in Daniel 7:10, referring to God and His heavenly court of angels.
The Bible does not show that millions of people in Old Testament times received the Holy Spirit. Rather, it appears that their number was limited, and that only few, by comparison, were called by God to salvation in Old Testament times. Compare, for example, our Q&A, “Will Only Few Be Saved?” explaining in detail the biblical use of the word “many,” which must always be viewed in context.
Still, Hebrews 12:1 says that we are surrounded by a great cloud of Old Testament saints or by many witnesses, if we understand this terminology correctly.
The Barnes Notes on the Bible commentary explains Hebrews 12:1 in this way:
“Seeing we also are encompassed about with so great a cloud of witnesses – The apostle represents those to whom he had referred in the previous chapter, as looking on to witness the efforts which Christians make, and the manner in which they live. There is an allusion here, doubtless, to the ancient games. A great multitude of spectators usually occupied the circular seats in the amphitheater, from which they could easily behold the combatants.”
This could be seen in the way Paul describes those running in a race in 1 Corinthians 9:24-27.
Continuing:
“In like manner, the apostle represents Christians as encompassed with the multitude of worthies to whom he had referred in the previous chapter. It cannot be fairly inferred from this that he means to say that all those ancient worthies were actually looking at the conduct of Christians, and saw their conflicts. It is a figurative representation, such as is common, and means that we ought to act as if they were in sight, and cheered us on…”
Gills Exposition of the Bible explains the “great cloud of witnesses” as “the Old Testament saints, the instances of whose faith and patience are produced in the preceding chapter: these, some of them, were martyrs in the sense in which that word is commonly used; they suffered in the cause, and for the sake of true religion; and they all bore a noble testimony of God, and for him; and they received a testimony from him; and will be hereafter witnesses for, or against us, to whom they are examples of the above graces: and these may be compared to a ‘cloud’, for the comfortable and reviving doctrines which they dropped; and for their refreshing examples in the heat of persecution; and for their guidance and direction in the ways of God… Hence the following things are inferred and urged:”
“Let us lay aside every weight; or burden; every sin, which is a weight and burden to a sensible sinner, and is a hinderance in running the Christian race; not only indwelling sin, but every actual transgression, and therefore to be laid aside; as a burden, it should be laid on Christ; as a sin, it should be abstained from, and put off, with respect to the former conversation: also worldly cares, riches, and honours, when immoderately pursued, are a weight depressing the mind to the earth, and a great hinderance in the work and service of God, and therefore to be laid aside; not that they are to be entirely rejected, and not cared for and used, but the heart should not be set upon them, or be over anxious about them.”
Barnes Notes on the Bible further explains that the usual meaning of weight or burden references here to “the runners in the games who were careful not to encumber themselves with anything that was heavy. Hence, their clothes were so made as not to impede their running, and hence, they were careful in their training not to overburden themselves with food, and in every way to remove what would be an impediment or hindrance.
“As applied to Christians it means that they should remove all which would obstruct their progress in the Christian course. Thus, it is fair to apply it to whatever would be an impediment in our efforts to win the crown of life. It is not the same thing in all persons. In one it may be pride; in another vanity; in another worldliness; in another a violent and almost ungovernable temper; in another a corrupt imagination; in another a heavy, leaden, insensible heart; in another some improper and unholy attachment. Whatever it may be, we are exhorted to lay it aside…”
Referring to the “sin which so easily ensnares us,” it is sin that is easily committed. Gills Exposition of the Bible further explains that it could also mean “either the corruption of nature in general, which is always present, and puts upon doing evil, and hinders all the good it can; or rather some particular sin, as what is commonly called a man’s constitution sin, or what he is most inclined to, and is most easily drawn into the commission of; or it may be the sin of unbelief is intended, that being opposite to the grace of faith, the apostle had been commending, in the preceding chapter, and he here exhorts to; and is a sin which easily insinuates itself, and prevails, and that sometimes under the notion of a virtue, as if it would be immodest, or presumptuous to believe; the arguments for it are apt to be readily and quickly embraced; but as every weight, so every sin may be designed.. The allusion seems to be to runners in a race, who throw off everything that encumbers, drop whatsoever is ponderous and weighty, run in light garments, and lay aside long ones, which entangle and hinder in running, as appears from the next clause, or inference.”
We are admonished to run with endurance or patience (Authorized Version) the race that is set before us. Barnes Notes on the Bible explains, “The word rendered ‘patience’ rather means in this place, perseverance. We are to run the race without allowing ourselves to be hindered by any obstructions, and without giving out or fainting in the way.”
Gills Exposition elaborates further, stating that “the stadium, or race plot, in which the Christian race is run, is this world; the prize run for is the heavenly glory; the mark to direct in it, is Christ; many are the runners, yet none but the overcomers have the prize; which being held by Christ, is given to them: this race is ‘set before’ the saints; that is, by God; the way in which they are to run is marked out by him in his word; the troubles they shall meet with in it are appointed for them by him, in his counsels and purposes; the mark to direct them is set before them in the Gospel, even Jesus, the author and finisher of faith, whom they are to look unto; the length of their race is fixed for them, or how far, and how long they shall run; and the prize is determined for them, and will be given them, and which is held out for their encouragement, to have respect unto: and it becomes all the saints, and belongs to each, and every one of them, to ‘run’ this race; which includes both doing and suffering for Christ; it is a motion forward, a pressing towards the mark for the prize, a going from strength to strength, from one degree of grace to another; and to it swiftness and agility are necessary; and when it is performed aright, it is with readiness, willingness, and cheerfulness: it requires strength and courage, and a removal of all impediments, and should be done ‘with patience’; which is very necessary, because of the many exercises in the way; and because of the length of the race; and on account of the prize to be enjoyed, which is very desirable: the examples of the saints, and especially Christ, the forerunner, should move and animate unto it.”
We are to be encouraged by the example of the many who have run the same race before us, who have succeeded and overcome in faith as we read about in Hebrews 11, and we are to follow their examples so we can persevere as they did, to the end.
As we read in verse 2 of Hebrews 12, we are to look unto Jesus, to imitate Him, as a further encouragement to do this and to look to His perfect sinless life; to His patience and perseverance in trials; to what He endured in order to obtain the crown, and to his final success and triumph. He is our ultimate example who set aside His divinity to come into sinful flesh, lived His human life as an example for us by overcoming sin in the flesh and dying for us so that each one of us could obtain forgiveness, providing we repent of our sins and accept His Sacrifice. Once we repent of our sins, turn to God, and accept forgiveness for our sins by claiming Christ’s Sacrifice, we are NOT to turn back and start sinning again.
As we are to follow the examples of the “cloud of witnesses” who have been victorious in their race, WE also have God the Father and Jesus Christ as our witness as they observe our lives, hoping that we will live righteously, for Their purpose is also to see us qualify, to inherit eternal life and to be in Their Family.
Lead Writer: Michael Link
